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Lessons12
A vector database stores vectors and supports similarity queries with metadata. Vector search is the numerical operation; semantic search is the application goal of finding meaningfully related content. Existing databases can also add vector indexes, so you…
RAG stands for retrieval-augmented generation. It retrieves relevant external information and provides that information to a model before asking for an answer. It connects language generation to a changing knowledge source without retraining the model.
An AI agent is software that uses a model to choose actions toward a goal, observes results, and decides what to do next within application limits. A chatbot describes a conversational interface; it may or may not contain an agent. A workflow defines the…
Input guardrails check requests and incoming content. Output guardrails check generated answers or data. Tool guardrails check proposed operations before execution and validate their results afterward.
A deterministic workflow follows explicitly coded transitions for given inputs and recorded external outcomes. It can call nondeterministic services, but its orchestration rules remain controlled. It is the natural extension of validation, transactions, and…
Artificial intelligence, or AI, is the broad field of making software perform tasks such as recognizing speech, finding patterns, or understanding language. Machine learning, or ML, learns patterns from examples instead of requiring a rule for every case.…
Python is a dynamically typed language widely used by AI libraries. A list is an ordered collection, a dictionary maps keys to values, and a set stores unique hashable values. Python uses indentation to define code blocks rather than braces.
An embedding is a list of numbers representing useful features of content, often its meaning. That list is a vector; its number of entries is its dimension. Semantic similarity means closeness in meaning, such as “car accident” and “vehicle collision,” even…
LangChain is a framework ecosystem for assembling model-driven applications. Model wrappers, prompt templates, and composable operations make integration easier. A chain is a sequence of transformations or calls; it can be fixed and does not automatically…
LangGraph represents execution as a graph of steps sharing explicit state. Nodes do work and edges select the next step; the graph can contain both ordinary code and model decisions. It supports applications that need branching, repeated tool use, and…
MCP is a protocol for connecting AI applications to external tools and context. The host is the application using the model; a client is its protocol connection to a server; a server exposes supported capabilities. The model normally proposes operations,…
Prompt injection is an attempt to make a model follow an attacker's instructions instead of the intended task. Indirect injection places those instructions in external content, such as a PDF, webpage, email, or tool result. Jailbreaking generally attempts to…
Interview questions12
A vector database stores vectors and supports similarity queries with metadata. Vector search is the numerical operation; semantic search is the application goal of finding meaningfully related content. Existing databases can also add vector indexes, so you…
RAG stands for retrieval-augmented generation. It retrieves relevant external information and provides that information to a model before asking for an answer. It connects language generation to a changing knowledge source without retraining the model.
An AI agent is software that uses a model to choose actions toward a goal, observes results, and decides what to do next within application limits. A chatbot describes a conversational interface; it may or may not contain an agent. A workflow defines the…
Input guardrails check requests and incoming content. Output guardrails check generated answers or data. Tool guardrails check proposed operations before execution and validate their results afterward.
A deterministic workflow follows explicitly coded transitions for given inputs and recorded external outcomes. It can call nondeterministic services, but its orchestration rules remain controlled. It is the natural extension of validation, transactions, and…
Artificial intelligence, or AI, is the broad field of making software perform tasks such as recognizing speech, finding patterns, or understanding language. Machine learning, or ML, learns patterns from examples instead of requiring a rule for every case.…
Python is a dynamically typed language widely used by AI libraries. A list is an ordered collection, a dictionary maps keys to values, and a set stores unique hashable values. Python uses indentation to define code blocks rather than braces.
An embedding is a list of numbers representing useful features of content, often its meaning. That list is a vector; its number of entries is its dimension. Semantic similarity means closeness in meaning, such as “car accident” and “vehicle collision,” even…
LangChain is a framework ecosystem for assembling model-driven applications. Model wrappers, prompt templates, and composable operations make integration easier. A chain is a sequence of transformations or calls; it can be fixed and does not automatically…
LangGraph represents execution as a graph of steps sharing explicit state. Nodes do work and edges select the next step; the graph can contain both ordinary code and model decisions. It supports applications that need branching, repeated tool use, and…
MCP is a protocol for connecting AI applications to external tools and context. The host is the application using the model; a client is its protocol connection to a server; a server exposes supported capabilities. The model normally proposes operations,…
Prompt injection is an attempt to make a model follow an attacker's instructions instead of the intended task. Indirect injection places those instructions in external content, such as a PDF, webpage, email, or tool result. Jailbreaking generally attempts to…
Modules12
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module
AI Engineering learning module