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CommonJS and ES Modules are two systems for dividing JavaScript code into reusable modules. CommonJS uses runtime require calls, while ES Modules provide standard import and export declarations with a statically described dependency structure. Their loading and interoperability rules depend on the runtime and file configuration.

A buffer is a container for raw bytes, while a stream processes a sequence of data in chunks. EventEmitter is a mechanism for registering listeners and notifying them when an event occurs. These tools work together in Node networking and file handling, where data can arrive gradually.

Garbage collection automatically reclaims memory that can no longer be reached by running code. A memory leak happens when the program keeps a reference to data it no longer needs, so the collector must treat that data as still usable. Increasing the heap limit may delay failure but does not remove the unwanted references.

CommonJS and ES Modules are two systems for dividing JavaScript code into reusable modules. CommonJS uses runtime require calls, while ES Modules provide standard import and export declarations with a statically described dependency structure. Their loading and interoperability rules depend on the runtime and file configuration.

A buffer is a container for raw bytes, while a stream processes a sequence of data in chunks. EventEmitter is a mechanism for registering listeners and notifying them when an event occurs. These tools work together in Node networking and file handling, where data can arrive gradually.

Garbage collection automatically reclaims memory that can no longer be reached by running code. A memory leak happens when the program keeps a reference to data it no longer needs, so the collector must treat that data as still usable. Increasing the heap limit may delay failure but does not remove the unwanted references.

Node.js learning module